1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  4. Volume 57, 2019
  5. Article

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 57, 2019

Understanding Galaxy Evolution Through Emission Lines

Abstract

We review the use of emission lines for understanding galaxy evolution, focusing on excitation source, metallicity, ionization parameter, ISM pressure, and electron density. We discuss the physics, benefits, and caveats of emission line diagnostics, including the effects of theoretical model uncertainties, diffuse ionized gas, and sample selection bias. In anticipation of upcoming telescope facilities, we provide new self-consistent emission line diagnostic calibrations for complete spectral coverage from the UV to the IR. These diagnostics can be used in concert to understand how fundamental galaxy properties have changed across cosmic time. We conclude the following:

  • ▪  The UV, optical, and IR contain complementary diagnostics that can probe the conditions within different nebular ionization zones.
  • ▪  Accounting for complex density gradients and temperature profiles is critical for reliably estimating the fundamental properties of H regions and galaxies.
  • ▪  Diffuse ionized gas can raise metallicity estimates, flatten metallicity gradients, and introduce scatter in ionization parameter measurements.
  • ▪  New 3D emission line diagnostics successfully separate the contributions from star formation, AGN, and shocks using integral field spectroscopy.
We summarize with a discussion of the challenges and major opportunities for emission line diagnostics in the coming years.

Keyword(s): fundamental parameters, galaxies, Hii regions
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051832
2019-08-18
2024-06-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/57/1/annurev-astro-081817-051832.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051832&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Acharyya A, Krumholz M, Federrath C 2019. MNRAS Submitted
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Afflerbach A, Churchwell E, Werner MW 1997. Ap. J. 478:190–205
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Allen MG, Dopita MA, Tsvetanov ZI 1998. Ap. J. 493:571–82
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Allen MG, Groves BA, Dopita MA 2008. Ap. J. Suppl. 178:20–55
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Aller LH 1942. Ap. J. 95:52
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Aller LH 1961. Liege International Astrophysical Colloquia 10534–37 Liege, Belg.: Inst. Astrophys., Univ. Liege
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Aller LH 1984. Physics of Thermal Gaseous Nebulae Dordrecht, Neth.: Reidel
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Aller LH, Czyzak SJ, Walker MF, Krueger TK 1970. PNAS 66:1–5
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Alloin D, Collin-Souffrin S, Joly M, Vigroux L 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 78:200–16
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Alongi M, Bertelli G, Bressan A 1993. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 97:851–71
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Anders E, Grevesse N 1989. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53:197–214
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Andrews BH, Martini P 2013. Ap. J. 765:140
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Arimoto N, Yoshii Y 1986. Astron. Astrophys. 164:260–73
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Armus L, Charmandaris V, Bernard-Salas J 2007. Ap. J. 656:148–67
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Asplund M, Grevesse N, Sauval AJ, Scott P 2009. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47:481–522
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Bahcall JN, Kozlovsky BZ 1969a. Ap. J. 155:1077–97
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Bahcall JN, Kozlovsky BZ 1969b. Ap. J. 158:529–33
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Baldry IK, Glazebrook K, Baugh CM 2002. Ap. J. 569:582–94
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Baldwin JA, Phillips MM, Terlevich R 1981. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 93:5–19
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Barnes JE, Wood K, Hill AS, Haffner LM 2015. MNRAS 447:559–66
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Bayliss MB, Rigby JR, Sharon K 2014. Ap. J. 790:144–64
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Begelman MC 1990. The Interstellar Medium in Galaxies HA Thronson Jr., JM Shull Ap. Space Sci. Libr. 161287–304 Dordrecht, Neth.: Reidel
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Belfiore F, Maiolino R, Maraston C 2016. MNRAS 461:3111–34
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Bell EF, de Jong RS 2000. MNRAS 312:497–520
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Bertoldi F 1989. Ap. J. 346:735–55
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Best PN, Röttgering HJA, Longair MS 2000. MNRAS 311:23–36
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Bian F, Fan X, Bechtold J 2010. Ap. J. 725:1877–85
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Binette L, Dopita MA, Tuohy IR 1985. Ap. J. 297:476–91
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Binette L, González-Gómez DI, Mayya YD 2002. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis. Conf. Ser. 38:279–88
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Binette L, Magris CG, Stasińska G, Bruzual AG 1994. Astron. Astrophys. 292:13–19
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Blanc GA, Heiderman A, Gebhardt K 2009. Ap. J. 704:842–62
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Blanc GA, Kewley L, Vogt FPA, Dopita MA 2015. Ap. J. 798:99
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Bland-Hawthorn J, Freeman KC, Quinn PJ 1997. Ap. J. 490:143–55
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Boselli A, Gavazzi G, Donas J, Scodeggio M 2001. Astron. J. 121:753–67
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Bresolin F, Kennicutt RC Jr., Garnett DR 1999. Ap. J. 510:104–24
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Bressan A, Chiosi C, Fagotto F 1994. Ap. J. Suppl. 94:63–115
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Bressan A, Fagotto F, Bertelli G, Chiosi C 1993. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 100:647–64
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Brinchmann J, Charlot S, White SDM 2004. MNRAS 351:1151–79
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Brinchmann J, Pettini M, Charlot S 2008. MNRAS 385:769–82
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Brooks AM, Governato F, Booth CM 2007. Ap. J. Lett. 655:L17–20
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Brown JS, Martini P, Andrews BH 2016. MNRAS 458:1529–47
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Bruzual G, Charlot S 2011. GALAXEV: evolutionary stellar population synthesis models Astrophysics Source Code Library ascl:1104.005
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Bruzual AG 1983. Ap. J. 273:105–27
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Bruzual AG, Charlot S 1993. Ap. J. 405:538–53
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Burbidge GR, Burbidge M, Hoyle F, Lynds CR 1966. Nature 210:774–78
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Bustamante S, Sparre M, Springel V, Grand RJJ 2018. MNRAS 479:3381–92
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Buzzoni A 1989. Ap. J. Suppl. 71:817–69
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Byler N, Dalcanton JJ, Conroy C, Johnson BD 2017. Ap. J. 840:44
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Byler N, Dalcanton JJ, Conroy C 2018. Ap. J. 863:14
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Calzetti D 2013. Secular Evolution of Galaxies, Proceedings of the 23rd Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics J Falcon-Barroso, JH Knapen419–58 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Calzetti D, Kennicutt RC, Engelbracht CW 2007. Ap. J. 666:870–95
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Calzetti D, Wu SY, Hong S 2010. Ap. J. 714:1256–79
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Carton D, Brinchmann J, Contini T 2018. MNRAS 478:4293–316
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Charlot S, Bruzual AG 1991. Ap. J. 367:126–40
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Charlot S, Longhetti M 2001. MNRAS 323:887–903
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Chevallard J, Charlot S 2016. MNRAS 462:1415–43
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Chiappini C, Matteucci F, Romano D 2001. Ap. J. 554:1044–58
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Chisholm J, Bordoloi R, Rigby JR, Bayliss M 2018. MNRAS 474:1688–704
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Cid Fernandes R, Heckman T, Schmitt H 2001. Ap. J. 558:81–108
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Clegg RES, Harrington JP, Barlow MJ, Walsh JR 1987. Ap. J. 314:551–71
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Conroy C 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:393–455
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Considère S, Coziol R, Contini T, Davoust E 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 356:89–101
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Constantin A, Vogeley MS 2006. Ap. J. 650:727–48
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Copetti MVF, Mallmann JAH, Schmidt AA, Castañeda HO 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 357:621–36
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Copetti MVF, Writzl BC 2002. Astron. Astrophys. 382:282–90
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Cotera AS, Colgan SWJ, Simpson JP, Rubin RH 2005. Ap. J. 622:333–45
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Cullen F, Cirasuolo M, McLure RJ 2014. MNRAS 440:2300–12
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Cunha K, Frinchaboy PM, Souto D 2016. Astron. Nachr. 337:922
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Curti M, Cresci G, Mannucci F 2017. MNRAS 465:1384–400
     [Google Scholar]
  70. D'Agostino JJ, Kewley LJ, Groves BA 2019. MNRAS 485:38–42
     [Google Scholar]
  71. D'Agostino JJ, Poetrodjojo H, Ho IT 2018. MNRAS 479:4907–35
     [Google Scholar]
  72. da Cunha E 2016. IAU Focus Meet. 29:184–85
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Dalcanton JJ 2007. Ap. J. 658:941–59
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Dale JE, Ercolano B, Bonnell IA 2012. MNRAS 427:2852–65
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Davé R, Finlator K, Oppenheimer BD 2011. MNRAS 416:1354–76
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Davidson K 1972. Ap. J. 171:213
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Davies RL, Förster Schreiber NM, Übler H 2019.Ap. J. arXiv:1808.10700
  78. Davies RL, Groves B, Kewley LJ 2016. MNRAS 462:1616–29
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Davies RL, Kewley LJ, Ho IT, Dopita MA 2014a. MNRAS 444:3961–74
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Davies RL, Rich JA, Kewley LJ, Dopita MA 2014b. MNRAS 439:3835–46
     [Google Scholar]
  81. De Looze I, Fritz J, Baes M 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 571:A69
     [Google Scholar]
  82. De Lucia G, Kauffmann G, White SDM 2004. MNRAS 349:1101–16
     [Google Scholar]
  83. de Mink SE, Cantiello M, Langer N 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 497:243–53
     [Google Scholar]
  84. de Pree CG, Rodriguez LF, Goss WM 1995. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis. 31:39–44
     [Google Scholar]
  85. De Robertis MM, Dufour RJ, Hunt RW 1987. J. R. Astron. Soc. Can. 81:195–220
     [Google Scholar]
  86. De Rossi ME, Bower RG, Font AS, Schaye J, Theuns T 2017. MNRAS 472:3354–77
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Denicoló G, Terlevich R, Terlevich E 2002. MNRAS 330:69–74
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Díaz AI, Pérez-Montero E 2000. MNRAS 312:130–38
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Dinerstein HL 1990. The Interstellar Medium in Galaxies HA Thronson Jr., JM Shull Ap. Space Sci. Libr. 161257–85 Dordrecht, Neth.: Reidel
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Dopita MA, Evans IN 1986. Ap. J. 307:431–40
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Dopita MA, Fischera J, Sutherland RS 2006. Ap. J. 647:244–55
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Dopita MA, Groves BA, Sutherland RS, Kewley LJ 2003. Ap. J. 583:727–31
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Dopita MA, Kewley LJ, Heisler CA, Sutherland RS 2000. Ap. J. 542:224–34
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Dopita MA, Kewley LJ, Sutherland RS, Nicholls DC 2016. Ap. Space Sci. 361:61
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Dopita MA, Mason DJ, Robb WD 1976. Ap. J. 207:102–9
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Dopita MA, Sutherland RS 1995. Ap. J. 455:468
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Dors OL Jr., Copetti MVF 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 437:837–47
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Dors OL Jr., Krabbe A, Hägele GF, Pérez-Montero E 2011. MNRAS 415:3616–26
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Draine BT, Kreisch CD 2018. Ap. J. 862:30
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Dufton PL, Keenan FP, Kingston AE 1984. MNRAS 209:1P–4P
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Edmunds MG, Pagel BEJ 1984. MNRAS 211507–19
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Eldridge JJ, Stanway ER 2009. MNRAS 400:1019–28
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Eldridge JJ, Stanway ER 2012. MNRAS 419:479–89
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Elmegreen BG, Kimura T, Tosa M 1995. Ap. J. 451:675
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Erb DK, Shapley AE, Pettini M 2006. Ap. J. 644:813–28
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Ercolano B, Young PR, Drake JJ, Raymond JC 2008. Ap. J. Suppl. 175:534–42
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Esteban C, Bresolin F, Peimbert M 2009. Ap. J. 700:654–78
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Esteban C, Carigi L, Copetti MVF 2013. MNRAS 433:382–93
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Esteban C, García-Rojas J, Peimbert M 2005. Ap. J. Lett. 618:L95–98
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Esteban C, Peimbert M, Torres-Peimbert S 1999. Astron. Astrophys. 342:L37–40
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Feltre A, Charlot S, Gutkin J 2016. MNRAS 456:3354–74
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Ferkinhoff C, Hailey-Dunsheath S, Nikola T 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 714:L147–51
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Ferland G, Netzer H 1979. Ap. J. 229:274–90
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Ferland GJ, Chatzikos M, Guzmán F 2017. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis. 53:385–438
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Ferland GJ, Korista KT, Verner DA 1998. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 110:761–78
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Fernández-Ontiveros JA, Spinoglio L, Pereira-Santaella M 2016. Ap. J. Suppl. 226:19
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Field GB 1965. Ap. J. 142:531–67
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Filippenko AV 1985. Ap. J. 289:475–89
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Finlator K, Davé R 2008. MNRAS 38542181–204
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Fioc M, Le Borgne D, Rocca-Volmerange B 2011. PÉGASE: metallicity-consistent spectral evolution model of galaxies Astrophysics Source Code Library ascl1108.007
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Flohic HMLG, Eracleous M, Chartas G 2006. Ap. J. 647:140–60
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Förster Schreiber NM, Genzel R, Lutz D 2001. Ap. J. 552:544–71
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Franco J, Kurtz S, Hofner P 2000. Ap. J. Lett. 542:L143–46
     [Google Scholar]
  124. French HB 1983. Ap. J. 273:214–18
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Fu J, Hou JL, Yin J, Chang RX 2009. Ap. J. 696:668–75
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Gabor JM, Davé R, Finlator K, Oppenheimer BD 2010. MNRAS 407:749–71
     [Google Scholar]
  127. García-Benito R, Díaz A, Hägele GF 2010. MNRAS 408:2234–55
     [Google Scholar]
  128. García-Rojas J, Esteban C 2007. Ap. J. 670:457–70
     [Google Scholar]
  129. García-Rojas J, Esteban C, Peimbert A 2005. MNRAS 362:301–12
     [Google Scholar]
  130. García-Rojas J, Simón-Díaz S, Esteban C 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 571:A93
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Garnett DR 2002. Ap. J. 581:1019–31
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Garnett DR, Shields GA, Skillman ED 1997. Ap. J. 489:63–86
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Gavazzi G, Consolandi G, Belladitta S 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 615:A104
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Genzel R, Lutz D, Sturm E 1998. Ap. J. 498:579–605
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Georgy C, Ekström S, Meynet G 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 542:A29
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Giveon U, Sternberg A, Lutz D 2002. Ap. J. 566:880–97
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Gonzalez-Delgado RM, Perez E, Tenorio-Tagle G 1994. Ap. J. 437:239–61
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Gordon KD, Misselt KA, Witt AN, Clayton GC 2001. Ap. J. 551:269–76
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Goudfrooij P, Hansen L, Jorgensen HE, Norgaard-Nielsen HU 1994. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 105:341–83
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Gritschneder M, Naab T, Walch S 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 694:L26–30
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Groves BA, Cecil G, Ferruit P, Dopita MA 2004. Ap. J. 611:786–94
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Groves BA, Dopita MA, Sutherland RS 2004a. Ap. J. Suppl. 153:9–73
     [Google Scholar]
  143. Groves BA, Dopita MA, Sutherland RS 2004b. Ap. J. Suppl. 153:75–91
     [Google Scholar]
  144. Groves BA, Heckman TM, Kauffmann G 2006. MNRAS 371:1559–69
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Guiderdoni B, Rocca-Volmerange B 1987. Astron. Astrophys. 186:1–21
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Gutiérrez L, Beckman JE 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 710:L44–48
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Gutkin J, Charlot S, Bruzual G 2016. MNRAS 462:1757–74
     [Google Scholar]
  148. Haffner LM, Dettmar RJ, Beckman JE 2009. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81:969–97
     [Google Scholar]
  149. Hägele GF, Díaz ÁI, Terlevich E 2008. MNRAS 383:209–29
     [Google Scholar]
  150. Hägele GF, Pérez-Montero E, Díaz ÁI 2006. MNRAS 372:293–312
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Hainline KN, Shapley AE, Kornei KA 2009. Ap. J. 701:52–65
     [Google Scholar]
  152. Halpern JP, Grindlay JE 1980. Ap. J. 242:1041–55
     [Google Scholar]
  153. Hatchett S, Buff J, McCray R 1976. Ap. J. 206:847–60
     [Google Scholar]
  154. Heckman T, Borthakur S, Wild V 2017. Ap. J. 846:151
     [Google Scholar]
  155. Heckman TM 1980. Astron. Astrophys. 87:152–64
     [Google Scholar]
  156. Heckman TM 2003. Galaxy Evolution: Theory & Observations V Avila-Reese, C Firmani, CS Frenk, C AllenRev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis. Conf. Ser. 1747–55
     [Google Scholar]
  157. Henry A, Scarlata C, Domínguez A 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 776:L27
     [Google Scholar]
  158. Herrera-Camus R, Bolatto A, Smith JD 2016. Ap. J. 826:175
     [Google Scholar]
  159. Hill TL, Heisler CA, Sutherland R, Hunstead RW 1999. Astron. J. 117:111–25
     [Google Scholar]
  160. Hillier JD 2012. From Interacting Binaries to Exoplanets: Essential Modeling Tools, Proc. IAU Symp. 282 MT Richards, I Hubeny 7229–34 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  161. Hirschmann M, Charlot S, Feltre A 2017. MNRAS 472:2468–95
     [Google Scholar]
  162. Ho IT, Kewley LJ, Dopita MA 2014. MNRAS 444:3894–910
     [Google Scholar]
  163. Ho IT, Kudritzki RP, Kewley LJ 2015. MNRAS 448:2030–54
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Ho IT, Medling AM, Bland-Hawthorn J 2016. MNRAS 457:1257–78
     [Google Scholar]
  165. Ho LC 2008. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 46:475–539
     [Google Scholar]
  166. Ho LC, Filippenko AV, Sargent WLW 1993. Ap. J. 417:63–81
     [Google Scholar]
  167. Ho LC, Filippenko AV, Sargent WLW 1996. Ap. J. 462:183
     [Google Scholar]
  168. Hoyos C, Díaz AI 2006. MNRAS 365:454–68
     [Google Scholar]
  169. Hsieh BC, Lin L, Lin JH 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 851:L24
     [Google Scholar]
  170. Hunt L, Dayal P, Magrini L, Ferrara A 2016. MNRAS 463:2020–31
     [Google Scholar]
  171. Indebetouw R, de Messières GE, Madden S 2009. Ap. J. 694:84–106
     [Google Scholar]
  172. Ivison RJ, Swinbank AM, Swinyard B 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 518:L35
     [Google Scholar]
  173. Izotov YI, Thuan TX 1999. Ap. J. 511:639–59
     [Google Scholar]
  174. Izotov YI, Thuan TX, Wilson JC 2009. Ap. J. 703:1984–91
     [Google Scholar]
  175. Jaskot AE, Ravindranath S 2016. Ap. J. 833:136
     [Google Scholar]
  176. Jensen EB, Strom KM, Strom SE 1976. Ap. J. 209:748–69
     [Google Scholar]
  177. Johnson KE, Kobulnicky HA 2003. Ap. J. 597:923–28
     [Google Scholar]
  178. Jones AP 2000. J. Geophys. Res. 105:10257–68
     [Google Scholar]
  179. Kaasinen M, Bian F, Groves B 2017. MNRAS 465:3220–34
     [Google Scholar]
  180. Kakkad D, Groves B, Dopita M 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 618:A6
     [Google Scholar]
  181. Kallman TR, McCray R 1982. Ap. J. Suppl. 50:263–317
     [Google Scholar]
  182. Kashino D, Renzini A, Silverman JD, Daddi E 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 823:L24
     [Google Scholar]
  183. Kauffmann G, Heckman TM, Tremonti C 2003. MNRAS 346:1055–77
     [Google Scholar]
  184. Keel WC 1983. Ap. J. 269:466–86
     [Google Scholar]
  185. Keenan FP, Feibelman WA, Berrington KA 1992. Ap. J. 389:443–46
     [Google Scholar]
  186. Kennicutt RC Jr 1998. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 36:189–232
     [Google Scholar]
  187. Kennicutt RC Jr., Keel WC 1984. Ap. J. Lett. 279:L5–9
     [Google Scholar]
  188. Kewley LJ, Dopita MA 2002. Ap. J. Suppl. 142:35–52
     [Google Scholar]
  189. Kewley LJ, Dopita MA, Sutherland RS 2001a. Ap. J. 556:121–40
     [Google Scholar]
  190. Kewley LJ, Ellison SL 2008. Ap. J. 681:1183–204
     [Google Scholar]
  191. Kewley LJ, Geller MJ, Barton EJ 2006a. Astron. J. 131:2004–17
     [Google Scholar]
  192. Kewley LJ, Groves B, Kauffmann G, Heckman T 2006b. MNRAS 372:961–76
     [Google Scholar]
  193. Kewley LJ, Heisler CA, Dopita MA, Lumsden S 2001b. Ap. J. Suppl. 132:37–71
     [Google Scholar]
  194. Kewley LJ, Maier C, Yabe K 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 774:L10
     [Google Scholar]
  195. Kewley LJ, Rupke D, Zahid HJ 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 721:L48–52
     [Google Scholar]
  196. Kewley LJ, Zahid HJ, Geller MJ 2015. Ap. J. Lett. 812:L20
     [Google Scholar]
  197. Kewley LJ 2019.Ap. J. In press
  198. Kinman TD, Davidson K 1981. Ap. J. 243:127–39
     [Google Scholar]
  199. Kobayashi C, Nakasato N 2011. Ap. J. 729:16
     [Google Scholar]
  200. Kobulnicky HA, Kennicutt RC Jr., Pizagno JL 1999. Ap. J. 514:544–57
     [Google Scholar]
  201. Kobulnicky HA, Kewley LJ 2004. Ap. J. 617:240–61
     [Google Scholar]
  202. Kobulnicky HA, Phillips AC 2003. Ap. J. 599:1031–42
     [Google Scholar]
  203. Köppen J, Weidner C, Kroupa P 2007. MNRAS 375:673–84
     [Google Scholar]
  204. Kotulla R, Fritze U, Weilbacher P, Anders P 2009. MNRAS 396:462–84
     [Google Scholar]
  205. Kramida A, Ralchenko Y, Reader J, NIST ASD Team 2018. NIST Atomic Spectra Database, Ver. 5.6 Gaithersburg, MD: Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. http://physics.nist.gov/asd [2018, November 27].
    [Google Scholar]
  206. Krolik JH, McKee CF 1978. Ap. J. Suppl. 37:459–83
     [Google Scholar]
  207. Krumholz MR, Fumagalli M, da Silva RL 2015. MNRAS 452:1447–67
     [Google Scholar]
  208. Kurtz S 2002. Hot Star Workshop III: The Earliest Stages of Massive Star Birth P CrowtherASP Conf. Ser. 26781–94
     [Google Scholar]
  209. Kurucz RL 1979. Ap. J. Suppl. 40:1–340
     [Google Scholar]
  210. Lara-López MA, Cepa J, Bongiovanni A 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 521:L53
     [Google Scholar]
  211. Larson RB, Tinsley BM 1978. Ap. J. 219:46–59
     [Google Scholar]
  212. Laurent O, Mirabel IF, Charmandaris V 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 359:887–99
     [Google Scholar]
  213. Law KH, Gordon KD, Misselt KA 2011. Ap. J. 738:124
     [Google Scholar]
  214. Law KH, Gordon KD, Misselt KA 2018. Ap. J. Suppl. 236:32
     [Google Scholar]
  215. Lee SJ, Hyung S 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 549:A65
     [Google Scholar]
  216. Leitherer C 2008. Low-Metallicity Star Formation: From the First Stars to Dwarf Galaxies, Proc. IAU Symp. 255 LK Hunt, S Madden, R Schneider305–9 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  217. Leitherer C, Ekström S, Meynet G 2014. Ap. J. Suppl. 212:14
     [Google Scholar]
  218. Leitherer C, Schaerer D, Goldader JD 1999. Ap. J. Suppl. 123:3–40
     [Google Scholar]
  219. Leitherer C, Tremonti CA, Heckman TM, Calzetti D 2011. Astron. J. 141:37
     [Google Scholar]
  220. Lequeux J, Peimbert M, Rayo JF 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 80:155–66
     [Google Scholar]
  221. Levesque EM, Kewley LJ, Larson KL 2010. Astron. J. 139:712–27
     [Google Scholar]
  222. Levesque EM, Leitherer C, Ekstrom S 2012. Ap. J. 751:67
     [Google Scholar]
  223. Liang YC, Hammer F, Yin SY 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 474:807–14
     [Google Scholar]
  224. Liang YC, Hammer F, Yin SY 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 473:411–21
     [Google Scholar]
  225. Liang YC, Yin SY, Hammer F 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 447:113–19
     [Google Scholar]
  226. Lilly SJ, Carollo CM, Pipino A 2013. Ap. J. 772:119
     [Google Scholar]
  227. Liu XW, Barlow MJ, Zhang Y 2006. MNRAS 368:1959–70
     [Google Scholar]
  228. Liu XW, Luo SG, Barlow MJ 2001. MNRAS 327:141–68
     [Google Scholar]
  229. Liu XW, Storey PJ, Barlow MJ 2000. MNRAS 312:585–628
     [Google Scholar]
  230. Livadiotis G, Desai MI, Wilson III LB 2018. Ap. J. 853:142
     [Google Scholar]
  231. López-Sánchez ÁR, Dopita MA, Kewley LJ 2012. MNRAS 426:2630–51
     [Google Scholar]
  232. Luridiana V, Cerviño M 2003. Star Formation Through Time: A Conference to Honour Roberto J. Terlevich E Perez, RM Gonzalez Delgado, G Tenorio-TagleASP Conf. Ser. 29749–54
     [Google Scholar]
  233. Lutz D 2014. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 52:373–414
     [Google Scholar]
  234. Ly C, Malkan MA, Nagao T 2014. Ap. J. 780:122
     [Google Scholar]
  235. Ly C, Malkan MA, Rigby JR, Nagao T 2016. Ap. J. 828:67
     [Google Scholar]
  236. Ma X, Hopkins PF, Faucher-Giguère CA 2016. MNRAS 456:2140–56
     [Google Scholar]
  237. MacAlpine GM 1974. Ap. J. 193:37–42
     [Google Scholar]
  238. Madsen GJ, Reynolds RJ, Haffner LM 2006. Ap. J. 652:401–25
     [Google Scholar]
  239. Maier C, Lilly SJ, Carollo CM 2006. Ap. J. 639:858–67
     [Google Scholar]
  240. Maier C, Lilly SJ, Ziegler BL 2014. Ap. J. 792:3
     [Google Scholar]
  241. Maiolino R, Caselli P, Nagao T 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 500:L1–4
     [Google Scholar]
  242. Maiolino R, Cox P, Caselli P 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 440:L51–54
     [Google Scholar]
  243. Maiolino R, Nagao T, Grazian A 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 488:463–79
     [Google Scholar]
  244. Malmann JAH, Copetti MVF, Dos Santos ICF 2002. X Reunión Regional Latinoamericana de Astronomía, IAU JJ Claria, D Garcia Lambas, H LevatoRev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis. Conf. Ser. 1457
     [Google Scholar]
  245. Mannucci F, Cresci G, Maiolino R 2010. MNRAS 408:2115–27
     [Google Scholar]
  246. Marino RA, Gil de Paz A, Sánchez SF 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 585:47
     [Google Scholar]
  247. Marino RA, Rosales-Ortega FF, Sánchez SF 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 559:A114
     [Google Scholar]
  248. Martin CL 1996. Ap. J. 465:680
     [Google Scholar]
  249. Martin CL 1997. Ap. J. 491:561–83
     [Google Scholar]
  250. Mathez G 1969. Astron. Astrophys. 3:127–34
     [Google Scholar]
  251. Mathis JS 1985. Ap. J. 291:247–59
     [Google Scholar]
  252. Mathis JS 2000. Ap. J. 544:347–55
     [Google Scholar]
  253. Mathis JS, Liu XW 1999. Ap. J. 521:212–16
     [Google Scholar]
  254. Mathis JS, Rosa MR 1991. Astron. Astrophys. 245:625–34
     [Google Scholar]
  255. McCall ML, Rybski PM, Shields GA 1985. Ap. J. Suppl. 57:1–62
     [Google Scholar]
  256. McGaugh SS 1991. Ap. J. 380:140–50
     [Google Scholar]
  257. McGaugh SS, de Blok WJG 1997. Ap. J. 481:689–702
     [Google Scholar]
  258. McLeod AF, Gritschneder M, Dale JE 2016. MNRAS 462:3537–69
     [Google Scholar]
  259. Medling AM, U V, Rich JA 2015. MNRAS 448:2301–11
     [Google Scholar]
  260. Mendoza C, Zeippen CJ 1983. MNRAS 202:981–86
     [Google Scholar]
  261. Mesa-Delgado A, Esteban C 2010. MNRAS 405:2651–67
     [Google Scholar]
  262. Minter AH, Balser DS 1997. Ap. J. Lett. 484:L133–36
     [Google Scholar]
  263. Molina M, Eracleous M, Barth AJ 2018. Ap. J. 864:90
     [Google Scholar]
  264. Morisset C, Delgado-Inglada G, Sánchez SF 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 594:A37
     [Google Scholar]
  265. Moustakas J 2006. Spectral diagnostics of galaxy evolution PhD Thesis, Univ. Ariz.
    [Google Scholar]
  266. Moustakas J, Kennicutt RC Jr., Tremonti CA 2010. Ap. J. Suppl. 190:233–66
     [Google Scholar]
  267. Moy E, Rocca-Volmerange B 2002. Astron. Astrophys. 383:46–55
     [Google Scholar]
  268. Moy E, Rocca-Volmerange B, Fioc M 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 365:347–59
     [Google Scholar]
  269. Nagamine K, Fukugita M, Cen R, Ostriker JP 2001. Ap. J. 558:497–504
     [Google Scholar]
  270. Nagao T, Maiolino R, De Breuck C 2013. New Trends in Radio Astronomy in the ALMA Era: The 30th Anniversary of Nobeyama Radio Observatory eds. R Kawabe, N Kuno, S Yamamoto. ASP Conf. Ser. 47629–32
     [Google Scholar]
  271. Nagao T, Maiolino R, Marconi A 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 459:85–101
     [Google Scholar]
  272. Nagao T, Maiolino R, Marconi A, Matsuhara H 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 526:A149
     [Google Scholar]
  273. Nagar NM, Falcke H, Wilson AS 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 435:521–43
     [Google Scholar]
  274. Naiman JP, Pillepich A, Springel V 2018. MNRAS 477:1206–24
     [Google Scholar]
  275. Nakajima K, Ouchi M, Shimasaku K 2013. Ap. J. 769:3
     [Google Scholar]
  276. Negrete CA, Dultzin D, Marziani P, Sulentic JW 2012. Ap. J. 757:62
     [Google Scholar]
  277. Nicholls DC, Dopita MA, Sutherland RS 2012. Ap. J. 752:148
     [Google Scholar]
  278. Nicholls DC, Sutherland RS, Dopita MA 2017. MNRAS 466:4403–22
     [Google Scholar]
  279. Nieva MF, Przybilla N 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 539:A143
     [Google Scholar]
  280. Nussbaumer H, Schild H 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 75:L17–19
     [Google Scholar]
  281. O'Dell CR, Ferland GJ, Henney WJ 2015. Astron. J. 150:108
     [Google Scholar]
  282. Oey MS, Meurer GR, Yelda S 2007. Ap. J. 661:801–14
     [Google Scholar]
  283. Oey MS, Shields JC 2000. Ap. J. 539:687–705
     [Google Scholar]
  284. Osterbrock DE 1989. Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei Sausalito, CA: Univ. Sci. Books
     [Google Scholar]
  285. Osterbrock DE, Parker RAR 1966. Ap. J. 143:268–70
     [Google Scholar]
  286. Osterbrock DE, Pogge RW 1985. Ap. J. 297:166–76
     [Google Scholar]
  287. Otte B, Gallagher JS III, Reynolds RJ 2002. Ap. J. 572:823–37
     [Google Scholar]
  288. Pagel BEJ, Edmunds MG, Blackwell DE 1979. MNRAS 189:95–113
     [Google Scholar]
  289. Pagel BEJ, Edmunds MG, Smith G 1980. MNRAS 193:219–30
     [Google Scholar]
  290. Park JW, Min KW, Seon KI 2010. Ap. J. 719:1964–68
     [Google Scholar]
  291. Pauldrach A, Puls J, Kudritzki RP 1986. Astron. Astrophys. 164:86–100
     [Google Scholar]
  292. Pauldrach AWA, Hoffmann TL, Lennon M 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 375:161–95
     [Google Scholar]
  293. Pauldrach AWA, Vanbeveren D, Hoffmann TL 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 538:A75
     [Google Scholar]
  294. Peña-Guerrero MA, Peimbert A, Peimbert M 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 756:L14
     [Google Scholar]
  295. Peimbert A, Peimbert M 2010. Ap. J. 724:791–98
     [Google Scholar]
  296. Peimbert A, Peimbert M 2013. Ap. J. 778:89
     [Google Scholar]
  297. Peimbert M 1967. Ap. J. 150:825–34
     [Google Scholar]
  298. Peimbert M, Costero R 1969. Bol. Obs. Tonantzintla Tacubaya 5:3–22
     [Google Scholar]
  299. Peimbert M, Peimbert A, Delgado-Inglada G 2017. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 129:082001–30
     [Google Scholar]
  300. Peimbert M, Sarmiento A, Fierro J 1991. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 103:815–23
     [Google Scholar]
  301. Peimbert M, Storey PJ, Torres-Peimbert S 1993. Ap. J. 414:626–31
     [Google Scholar]
  302. Peimbert M, Torres-Peimbert S, Luridiana V 1995. Gaseous Nebulae and Star Formation M Pena, S Kurtz Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofis. Conf. Ser. 3296 Abstr.
    [Google Scholar]
  303. Pellegrini EW, Oey MS, Winkler PF 2012. Ap. J. 755:40
     [Google Scholar]
  304. Pérez E, González Delgado R, Vílchez JM 2001. Astrophys. Space Sci. Suppl. 277:83–86
     [Google Scholar]
  305. Perez J, Michel-Dansac L, Tissera PB 2011. MNRAS 417:580–90
     [Google Scholar]
  306. Pérez-Montero E 2017. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 129:043001
     [Google Scholar]
  307. Pérez-Montero E, Contini T 2009. MNRAS 398:949–60
     [Google Scholar]
  308. Pérez-Montero E, Hägele GF, Contini T, Díaz ÁI 2007. MNRAS 381:125–35
     [Google Scholar]
  309. Pettini M 2002. Chemical Enrichment of Intracluster and Intergalactic Medium R Fusco-Femiano, F MatteucciASP Conf. Ser. 253181–87
     [Google Scholar]
  310. Pettini M, Pagel BEJ 2004. MNRAS 348:L59–63
     [Google Scholar]
  311. Phillips JP 2007. MNRAS 380:369–73
     [Google Scholar]
  312. Phillips JP 2008. New Astron. Rev. 13:60–64
     [Google Scholar]
  313. Phillips MM, Jenkins CR, Dopita MA 1986. Astron. J. 91:1062–85
     [Google Scholar]
  314. Pilyugin LS, Thuan TX 2005. Ap. J. 631:231–43
     [Google Scholar]
  315. Piovan L, Tantalo R, Chiosi C 2006. MNRAS 366:923–44
     [Google Scholar]
  316. Poetrodjojo HM, Groves B, Kewley LJ 2018. MNRAS 4795235–65
     [Google Scholar]
  317. Popescu CC, Tuffs RJ 2013. MNRAS 436:1302–21
     [Google Scholar]
  318. Popescu CC, Yang R, Tuffs RJ 2017. MNRAS 470:2539–58
     [Google Scholar]
  319. Proxauf B, Öttl S, Kimeswenger S 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 561:A10
     [Google Scholar]
  320. Ramirez-Ballinas I, Hidalgo-Gámez AM 2014. MNRAS 442:2282–95
     [Google Scholar]
  321. Ramos-Larios G, Phillips JP, Pérez-Grana JA 2010. MNRAS 405:245–56
     [Google Scholar]
  322. Rand RJ 1998. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 15:106–10
     [Google Scholar]
  323. Rich JA, Dopita MA, Kewley LJ, Rupke DSN 2010. Ap. J. 721:505–17
     [Google Scholar]
  324. Rich JA, Kewley LJ, Dopita MA 2011. Ap. J. 734:87
     [Google Scholar]
  325. Rich JA, Kewley LJ, Dopita MA 2015. Ap. J. Suppl. 221:28
     [Google Scholar]
  326. Rich JA, Torrey P, Kewley LJ 2012. Ap. J. 753:5
     [Google Scholar]
  327. Rigby JR, Bayliss MB, Chisholm J 2018. Ap. J. 853:87
     [Google Scholar]
  328. Rigby JR, Wuyts E, Gladders MD 2011. Ap. J. 732:59
     [Google Scholar]
  329. Rix SA, Pettini M, Leitherer C 2004. Ap. J. 615:98–117
     [Google Scholar]
  330. Rocca-Volmerange B, Lequeux J, Maucherat-Joubert M 1981. Astron. Astrophys. 104:177–84
     [Google Scholar]
  331. Rosa DA, Dors OL, Krabbe AC 2014. MNRAS 444:2005–21
     [Google Scholar]
  332. Rose M, Tadhunter C, Ramos Almeida C 2018. MNRAS 474:128–56
     [Google Scholar]
  333. Rubin RH 1968. Ap. J. 153:761–82
     [Google Scholar]
  334. Rubin RH 1969. Ap. J. 157:1461–62
     [Google Scholar]
  335. Rubin RH, Simpson JP, Lord SD 1994. Ap. J. 420:772–82
     [Google Scholar]
  336. Rubin RH, Simpson JP, O'Dell CR 2011. MNRAS 410:1320–48
     [Google Scholar]
  337. Rubin VC, Ford WK, Whitmore BC 1984. Ap. J. Lett. 281:L21–24
     [Google Scholar]
  338. Rupke DSN, Kewley LJ, Barnes JE 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 710:L156–60
     [Google Scholar]
  339. Salim S, Lee JC, Ly C 2014. Ap. J. 797:126
     [Google Scholar]
  340. Sánchez SF, Rosales-Ortega FF, Iglesias-Páramo J 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 563:A49
     [Google Scholar]
  341. Sánchez SF, Rosales-Ortega FF, Jungwiert B 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 554:A58
     [Google Scholar]
  342. Sarzi M, Shields JC, Schawinski K 2010. MNRAS 402:2187–210
     [Google Scholar]
  343. Savaglio S, Glazebrook K, Le Borgne D 2005. Ap. J. 635:260–79
     [Google Scholar]
  344. Schaerer D 2013. The First Galaxies T Wiklind, B Mobasher, V BrommAstrophys. Space Sci. Libr. 396345–76 Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  345. Schmutz W, Hamann WR, Wessolowski U 1989. Astron. Astrophys. 210:236–48
     [Google Scholar]
  346. Schneider N, Bontemps S, Motte F 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 591:A40
     [Google Scholar]
  347. Scudder JM, Ellison SL, Mendel JT 2012. MNRAS 423:2690–704
     [Google Scholar]
  348. Seaton MJ 1958. MNRAS 118:504–18
     [Google Scholar]
  349. Seaton MJ 1960. MNRAS 120:326–37
     [Google Scholar]
  350. Sellmaier FH, Yamamoto T, Pauldrach AWA, Rubin RH 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 305:L37
     [Google Scholar]
  351. Shapley AE, Erb DK, Pettini M 2004. Ap. J. 612:108–21
     [Google Scholar]
  352. Sharp RG, Bland-Hawthorn J 2010. Ap. J. 711:818–52
     [Google Scholar]
  353. Shaw RA, Dufour RJ 1995. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 107:896
     [Google Scholar]
  354. Shields GA 1974. Ap. J. 191:309–16
     [Google Scholar]
  355. Shields GA 1990. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 28:525–60
     [Google Scholar]
  356. Shirazi M, Vegetti S, Nesvadba N 2013. MNRAS 44032201–21
     [Google Scholar]
  357. Simón-Díaz S, García-Rojas J, Esteban C 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 530:A57
     [Google Scholar]
  358. Simpson JP, Colgan SWJ, Cotera AS 2007. Ap. J. 670:1115–31
     [Google Scholar]
  359. Simpson JP, Rubin RH, Colgan SWJ 2004. Ap. J. 611:338–52
     [Google Scholar]
  360. Simpson JP, Rubin RH, Erickson EF, Haas MR 1986. Ap. J. 311:895–908
     [Google Scholar]
  361. Singh R, van de Ven G, Jahnke K 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 558:A43
     [Google Scholar]
  362. Skillman ED 1989. Ap. J. 347:883–93
     [Google Scholar]
  363. Smith LJ, Westmoquette MS, Gallagher JS 2006. MNRAS 370:513–27
     [Google Scholar]
  364. Snijders L, Kewley LJ, van der Werf PP 2007. Ap. J. 669:269–88
     [Google Scholar]
  365. Somerville RS, Primack JR 1999. MNRAS 310:1087–110
     [Google Scholar]
  366. Spinoglio L, Pereira-Santaella M, Dasyra KM 2015. Ap. J. 799:21
     [Google Scholar]
  367. Spoon HWW, Marshall JA, Houck JR 2007. Ap. J. Lett. 654:L49–52
     [Google Scholar]
  368. Stanghellini L, Kaler JB 1989. Ap. J. 343:811–27
     [Google Scholar]
  369. Stasińska G 1980. Astron. Astrophys. 84:320–28
     [Google Scholar]
  370. Stasińska G 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 434:507–20
     [Google Scholar]
  371. Stasińska G 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 454:L127–30
     [Google Scholar]
  372. Stasińska G, Cid Fernandes R, Mateus A 2006. MNRAS 371:972–82
     [Google Scholar]
  373. Stasińska G, Izotov Y, Morisset C, Guseva N 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 576:A83
     [Google Scholar]
  374. Steidel CC, Erb DK, Shapley AE 2010. Ap. J. 717:289–322
     [Google Scholar]
  375. Steinacker J, Baes M, Gordon KD 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:63–104
     [Google Scholar]
  376. Storchi-Bergmann T, Calzetti D, Kinney AL 1994. Ap. J. 429:572–81
     [Google Scholar]
  377. Storey PJ, Hummer DG 1995. MNRAS 272:41–48
     [Google Scholar]
  378. Strickland DK, Heckman TM, Colbert EJM 2004. Ap. J. 606:829–52
     [Google Scholar]
  379. Strömgren B 1939. Ap. J. 89:526–47
     [Google Scholar]
  380. Strömgren B 1948. Ap. J. 108:242–75
     [Google Scholar]
  381. Struve O, Elvey CT 1938. Ap. J. 88:364–68
     [Google Scholar]
  382. Sutherland RS, Dopita MA 1993. Ap. J. Suppl. 88:253–327
     [Google Scholar]
  383. Sutherland RS, Dopita MA 2017. Ap. J. Suppl. 229:34
     [Google Scholar]
  384. Talbot RJ Jr., Arnett WD 1971. Ap. J. 170:409–22
     [Google Scholar]
  385. Tarter CB, Salpeter EE 1969. Ap. J. 156:953–66
     [Google Scholar]
  386. Tarter CB, Tucker WH, Salpeter EE 1969. Ap. J. 156:943–52
     [Google Scholar]
  387. Thomas AD, Dopita MA, Kewley LJ 2018a. Ap. J. 856:89
     [Google Scholar]
  388. Thomas AD, Groves BA, Sutherland RS 2016. Ap. J. 833:266
     [Google Scholar]
  389. Thomas AD, Kewley LJ, Dopita MA 2018b. Ap. J. Lett. 861:L2
     [Google Scholar]
  390. Thornley MD, Schreiber NMF, Lutz D 2000. Ap. J. 539:641–57
     [Google Scholar]
  391. Tinsley BM 1968. Ap. J. 151:547–66
     [Google Scholar]
  392. Tinsley BM 1972. Astron. Astrophys. 20:383–96
     [Google Scholar]
  393. Tinsley BM 1973. Ap. J. 186:35–49
     [Google Scholar]
  394. Tinsley BM, Gunn JE 1976. Ap. J. 203:52–62
     [Google Scholar]
  395. Torres-Flores S, Scarano S, Mendes de Oliveira C 2014. MNRAS 438:1894–908
     [Google Scholar]
  396. Torres-Peimbert S, Peimbert M, Fierro J 1989. Ap. J. 345:186–95
     [Google Scholar]
  397. Torrey P, Cox TJ, Kewley L, Hernquist L 2012. Ap. J. 746:108
     [Google Scholar]
  398. Tremblin P, Minier V, Schneider N 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 560:A19
     [Google Scholar]
  399. Tremonti CA, Heckman TM, Kauffmann G 2004. Ap. J. 613:898–913
     [Google Scholar]
  400. Troncoso P, Maiolino R, Sommariva V 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 563:A58
     [Google Scholar]
  401. Truran JW, Cameron AGW 1971. Ap. Space Sci. 14:179–222
     [Google Scholar]
  402. Tsamis YG, Barlow MJ, Liu XW 2004. MNRAS 353:953–79
     [Google Scholar]
  403. Tsamis YG, Péquignot D 2005. MNRAS 364:687–704
     [Google Scholar]
  404. Tsamis YG, Walsh JR, Péquignot D 2008. MNRAS 386:22–46
     [Google Scholar]
  405. Valtchanov I, Virdee J, Ivison RJ 2011. MNRAS 415:3473–84
     [Google Scholar]
  406. Vandenbroucke B, Wood K 2018. Astron. Comput. 23:40–59
     [Google Scholar]
  407. Vazdekis A, Koleva M, Ricciardelli E 2016. MNRAS 463:3409–36
     [Google Scholar]
  408. Veilleux S, Cecil G, Bland-Hawthorn J 2005. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43:769–826
     [Google Scholar]
  409. Veilleux S, Osterbrock DE 1987. Ap. J. Suppl. 63:295–310
     [Google Scholar]
  410. Veilleux S, Shopbell PL, Rupke DS 2003. Astron. J. 126:2185–208
     [Google Scholar]
  411. Vidal-García A, Charlot S, Bruzual G, Hubeny I 2017. MNRAS 470:3532–56
     [Google Scholar]
  412. Vila-Costas MB, Edmunds MG 1992. MNRAS 259:121–45
     [Google Scholar]
  413. Vilchez JM, Esteban C 1996. MNRAS 280:720–34
     [Google Scholar]
  414. Villar-Martin M, Binette L, Fosbury RAE 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 312:751–60
     [Google Scholar]
  415. Villar-Martin M, Tadhunter C, Clark N 1997. Astron. Astrophys. 323:21–30
     [Google Scholar]
  416. Walch S, Whitworth AP, Bisbas TG 2015. MNRAS 452:2794–803
     [Google Scholar]
  417. Wang W, Liu XW, Zhang Y, Barlow MJ 2004. Astron. Astrophys. 427:873–86
     [Google Scholar]
  418. Wang X, Jones TA, Treu T 2018. Ap. J. Submitted. arXiv:1808.08800
    [Google Scholar]
  419. Weber JA, Pauldrach AWA, Hoffmann TL 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 583:A63
     [Google Scholar]
  420. Weiner BJ, Coil AL, Prochaska JX 2009. Ap. J. 692:187–211
     [Google Scholar]
  421. Wild V, Heckman T, Charlot S 2010. MNRAS 405:933–47
     [Google Scholar]
  422. Wild V, Kauffmann G, White S 2008. MNRAS 388:227–41
     [Google Scholar]
  423. Williams RE 1967. Ap. J. 147:556–74
     [Google Scholar]
  424. Wu YZ, Zhang SN, Zhao YH, Zhang W 2016. MNRAS 457:2929–35
     [Google Scholar]
  425. Wuyts E, Kurk J, Förster Schreiber NM 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 789:L40
     [Google Scholar]
  426. Wyse RFG, Silk J 1985. Ap. J. Lett. 296:L1–5
     [Google Scholar]
  427. Xiao L, Stanway ER, Eldridge JJ 2018. MNRAS 477:904–34
     [Google Scholar]
  428. Yan R, Blanton MR 2012. Ap. J. 747:61
     [Google Scholar]
  429. Yates RM, Kauffmann G, Guo Q 2012. MNRAS 422:215–31
     [Google Scholar]
  430. Yeh SCC, Matzner CD 2012. Ap. J. 757:108–26
     [Google Scholar]
  431. Yin SY, Liang YC, Hammer F 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 462:535–46
     [Google Scholar]
  432. Yuan TT, Kewley LJ, Richard J 2013. Ap. J. 763:9
     [Google Scholar]
  433. Yuan TT, Kewley LJ, Swinbank AM, Richard J 2012.Ap. J.759:66–77
  434. Zahid HJ, Dima GI, Kudritzki RP 2014. Ap. J. 791:130
     [Google Scholar]
  435. Zahid HJ, Geller MJ, Kewley LJ 2013a. Ap. J. Lett. 771:L19
     [Google Scholar]
  436. Zahid HJ, Kashino D, Silverman JD 2013b. Ap. J. 792:75–93
     [Google Scholar]
  437. Zahid HJ, Kewley LJ, Bresolin F 2011. Ap. J. 730:137
     [Google Scholar]
  438. Zanstra H 1951. Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. 11:359
     [Google Scholar]
  439. Zastrow J, Oey MS, Pellegrini EW 2013. Ap. J. 769:94
     [Google Scholar]
  440. Zetterlund E, Levesque EM, Leitherer C, Danforth CW 2015. Ap. J. 805:151
     [Google Scholar]
  441. Zhang K, Yan R, Bundy K 2017. MNRAS 466:3217–43
     [Google Scholar]
  442. Zuckerman B, Aller LH 1986. Ap. J. 301:772–89
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051832
Loading
Understanding Galaxy Evolution Through Emission Lines
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 57, 511 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051832
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051832
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051832
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error